Table of Contents
Introduction
The remote island nation of Iceland has a fascinating history stretching back over a thousand years. From its first settlement by Viking explorers to the lively modern capital of Reykjavik, Iceland has undergone an epic journey from the age of sagas and chieftains to an outward-looking culture focused on innovation and sustainability. Join me on a tour through the key eras that have shaped this ruggedly beautiful country perched near the Arctic Circle. Pack your warmest clothes and get ready for the adventure of a lifetime!
Viking Age Settlement (9th-10th Century)
Around 870 AD, Norse settlers from Norway and Norse colonies in Scotland and Ireland began arriving on the shores of Iceland. According to tradition, the first permanent settler was a Norwegian Viking named Ingólfur Arnarson. These resourceful explorers quickly spread out across the island, establishing remote farmsteads and grazing sheep.
By 930 AD, the settlers had founded the Althing, a national assembly that continues to this day as one of the oldest parliamentary bodies in the world. The settlement era also saw the adoption of Christianity, peacefully replacing the pagan Norse religion thanks to the diplomatic efforts of lawmakers at the Althing.
The Commonwealth (930-1262)
The next three centuries are remembered as Iceland’s Golden Age. The island enjoyed political stability under the Althing and culturally flourished as the setting for the famous medieval Icelandic sagas. These prose tales celebrated the exploits of early settlers and their larger-than-life heroes. Works like the Egil’s Saga, Njal’s Saga and the Saga of Erik the Red drew on Iceland’s oral storytelling traditions while pioneering early forms of the novel.
Iceland also benefitted economically from increased trade with Norway and the rest of Europe. Merchant ships from across the continent arrived to exchange goods like timber, grain and honey for Iceland’s dried cod and woolen products.
The Middle Ages
In 1262, Iceland’s era of independence came to a close when it entered a union with the Norwegian monarchy. Over the next centuries under Norwegian and then Danish rule, Iceland endured famines, volcanic eruptions, and outbreaks of the Black Death. The once-thriving literary culture declined.
Piracy was a frequent problem, with English and Algerian ships raiding Icelandic coastal villages for slaves and plunder. While concentrated power remained in the hands of the Danish crown and a few major landowners, most Icelanders saw a steady deterioration in their prosperity and civil rights.
18th & 19th Century
Winds of change arrived in the 18th century with Icelandic intellectuals gathering strength through the promotion of literature and scholarly research on Iceland’s medieval traditions. The nationalist sentiment grew, and after persistent lobbying, Denmark granted Iceland limited autonomy in 1874. This victory paved the way for even greater advances.
Home rule was established in 1904, and in 1918 Iceland became a sovereign state united with Denmark under a single monarch. The economy remained precarious, however, relying heavily on a fishing industry subject to boom and bust cycles.
20th Century
Full independence was finally achieved on June 17, 1944 when Iceland declared itself a republic and formally severed its ties with Denmark. The British occupation of Iceland during World War II helped convince Icelanders of the need for independence in order to maintain their cultural identity and political sovereignty.
In the post-war era, Iceland focused on modernizing its economy and infrastructure. Fishing agreements with other nations brought new wealth, while controversial industries like aluminum smelting took root. The country also prioritized egalitarian social policies like gender equality. Reykjavik rapidly expanded and transformed into a truly European capital.
Reykjavik Today
With over 60% of Iceland’s total population, bustling Reykjavik is the heart and soul of the country. The downtown area features striking contemporary architecture contrasting with blocky, colorful buildings reflecting older styles.
Public art installations add whimsy, like the Sun Voyager sculpture resembling a Viking longship. Cafes, gourmet restaurants, and a thriving music scene make Reykjavik a top destination for foodies and culture mavens. Visiting Harpa, the concert hall and conference center, is a must for enjoying views of the surrounding coast and mountains.
Natural Wonders
While Reykjavik offers plenty of cosmopolitan attractions, Iceland’s otherworldly natural sites are the biggest draw for many visitors. The famed Blue Lagoon geothermal spa allows you to relax in the milky blue waters while marveling at the dramatic lava fields. Iceland’s many towering waterfalls like Gullfoss and Skogafoss astound with their sheer power and beauty.
Of course, the opportunity to view the magical Northern Lights dancing across the night sky is a top reason to make the trip. Iceland’s diverse landscapes truly feel like one big adventurous playground for the imagination.
Conclusion
From its Viking origins to today’s vibrant capital city, Iceland offers an enthralling journey through history capped with stunning scenery. The culture preserves ancient traditions while pioneering progressive social values. Whether you’re more tempted by the sagas, natural wonders, or Reykjavik’s exciting urban energy, Iceland guarantees an unforgettable experience shaped by the spirited people shaping this dynamic island nation.
FAQs
What are some key events in Iceland’s history?
Some major events include the first Viking settlements in the 9th century, the founding of the Althing parliament in 930 AD, conversion to Christianity in 1000 AD, the end of the Commonwealth in 1262, limited autonomy from Denmark in 1874, independence from Denmark in 1944, and the establishment of the Republic of Iceland.
Who were the first settlers of Iceland?
According to legend, the first permanent settler was the Norwegian Viking Ingólfur Arnarson in around 870 AD. The first settlers came mostly from Norway and Norse colonies in Scotland, Ireland, and elsewhere.
What is unique about Reykjavik?
Reykjavik mixes colorful historic architecture with contemporary designs. It offers trendy urban amenities like cafes, restaurants, art galleries and music venues, while remaining intimately connected to Iceland’s dramatic natural landscape.
What are the major natural attractions in Iceland?
Famous natural sites include the Blue Lagoon geothermal spa, thundering waterfalls like Gullfoss and Skogafoss, black sand beaches, volcanic craters, lava fields, hot springs, geysers, and glaciers. The Northern Lights are also a top draw.
What are the Icelandic sagas?
The medieval Icelandic sagas were prose stories celebrating the history and heroes of the settlement era. Major sagas include the Egil’s Saga, Njal’s Saga, and the Saga of Erik the Red, which recounts the Norse exploration of Greenland.