Table of Contents
Introduction
The Terracotta Army refers to the thousands of life-sized clay warrior figures that were buried near the tomb of China’s first emperor, Qin Shi Huang, around 210 BC. This incredible archaeological discovery provides a unique window into the military might and cultural practices of ancient China. Ever since their chance unearthing in the 1970s, these imposing terracotta legions have intrigued people around the world.
Discovery of the Terracotta Army
The vast terracotta army was accidentally discovered in 1974 by local farmers drilling a well near Xi’an, China. This chance find would reveal one of the most significant archaeological treasures in the world. The farmers uncovered an entire underground vault filled with thousands of lifelike clay soldiers, each with unique facial expressions and details.
This was just one of three pits that have been excavated so far, spanning an area of 20,000 square meters. Altogether, over 8,000 terracotta figures have been uncovered, along with hundreds of clay horses, chariots, and weapons. More figures likely remain buried and undiscovered. The scale of the site and size of the hand-crafted army is simply astonishing.
Construction of the Terracotta Army
The terracotta army was built on the order of Emperor Qin Shi Huang shortly before his death around 210 BC. The purpose was to continue protecting the emperor in the afterlife.
Craftsmen sculpted each figure by hand, then used molds to mass produce them while allowing for variety. The clay was locally sourced and kiln fired. Real weapons like swords and spears were provided, some coated in chromic oxide to prevent rusting. Pigments were used to paint the figures in vibrant colors, though this faded over time.
The army was arranged in precise battle formation, with armored infantry lining the front, flanked by archers and cavalry. Commanders could be identified by their robes and hats. Ranks of servants and entertainers were formed behind them.
Appearance and Details of the Figures
The terracotta figures are life-sized, with the tallest warriors over 6 feet high. They showcase a variety of realistic clothing, hairstyles, facial hair, and expressions.
Some figures wear armor made from small overlapping plates, resembling scales or feathers. Others feature intricate patterns on their robes. Hats indicate rank, while different facial hair styles represent regions the soldiers came from. Their hair is tied in buns or top knots.
No two faces are the same. Wrinkles, expressions, and age vary, exhibiting skilled craftsmanship. Some figures are thought to portray actual soldiers or commanders who served under Qin Shi Huang. Their individuality reflects real people who once lived.
Purpose and Meaning of the Terracotta Army
The army served to protect the emperor against evil spirits on his journey through the afterlife. Thousands of figures would ensure continued prosperity and guard against unrest. The elaborate mausoleum was designed as a replication of the real imperial city.
The warriors also reflect the military might Qin Shi Huang commanded during his imperial rule, allowing him to unite China. Their numbers and diversity of styles mirror the formation of a real army. The figures serve as a lasting record of Qin dynasty military training, ranks, organizational structure, and weaponry.
More broadly, the terracotta army provides insight into social class and occupation in ancient China based on roles, attire, and regalia. It reveals the importance of ritual and tradition surrounding death and burial rites of emperors.
Excavation and Preservation
Since the terracotta army’s discovery in the 1970s, archaeological excavation and preservation have been ongoing. Researchers have used methods like 3D imaging and geographic information systems to study and document the site. To date, only a portion of the army has been unearthed.
However, excavation poses preservation challenges as the clay figures are exposed to outside elements. Workers cover the site to moderate temperature and humidity fluctuations. The polychrome paints require special care, as they become vulnerable once exposed to air. Ongoing research explores best practices for conservation.
The uncovered warriors are housed in a museum built on the excavation site. Temperature and humidity are tightly controlled to prevent deterioration. Studies and monitoring continue to uncover new insights while protecting this priceless archaeological wonder for future generations.
Significance and Legacy
The terracotta army is considered one of the most significant archaeological discoveries of the 20th century. It offers unparalleled insight into early Chinese history, shedding light on military, social, cultural, and funerary practices. The handcrafted figures are an artistic and engineering marvel.
Photos of the haunting clay legions sparked global fascination and fame following their discovery. The lifelike warriors frozen for over 2,000 years captivate our imagination. The terracotta soldiers have inspired everything from documentaries to video games to symphonic works of music. They stand today as an iconic symbol of ancient China and continue revealing its secrets through ongoing research.
Conclusion
Accidentally unearthed in the 1970s, the stunning Terracotta Army continues to draw awe and scrutiny as an unprecedented window into ancient China. The thousands of individualized warriors, arranged in precise formation and buried to protect the first emperor of China in the afterlife, provide invaluable insights and mysteries that persist today. The immaculate craftsmanship and scale reflect an engineering feat made possible through skilled labor and strong imperial resources. As an enduring archaeological treasure, the terracotta soldiers reveal the intersection of art, culture, class, and power in early China. Ongoing excavation and preservation aims to further uncover their secrets while ensuring the integrity of this irreplaceable relic of the past.
FAQs
Q: How many terracotta figures have been discovered at the site so far?
A: Over 8,000 terracotta figures have been unearthed since discoveries began in 1974, and excavations are still ongoing. More figures likely remain buried and undiscovered.
Q: How were the terracotta warriors created?
A: Craftsmen sculpted each figure by hand, then made clay molds to mass produce them while allowing for variety. The clay was fired in kilns and details were added using pigments and real weapons.
Q: What was the purpose of creating the terracotta army?
A: The army was created to continue protecting China’s first emperor, Qin Shi Huang, in the afterlife. The figures guarded his mausoleum and provided for his needs in death.
Q: How were the warriors arranged?
A: The figures were highly organized based on military ranks and duties. Armored warriors lined the front, with archers, chariots, cavalry, and generals behind. Servants and entertainers formed the rear.
Q: What efforts are being made to preserve the terracotta site?
A: The uncovered figures are housed in a climate-controlled museum onsite. Temperature and humidity are regulated to prevent deterioration. Ongoing research aims to find the best conservation methods.