Table of Contents
Introduction
Armenia is a country with a long and rich history located in the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia. Throughout its centuries of existence, a number of breathtaking ancient sites, monuments and landmarks have been constructed in Armenia that provide a window into its storied past. From ancient temples, remote monasteries and crumbling fortresses to stunning natural landscapes, Armenia offers visitors many opportunities to discover its ancient wonders.
Garni Temple
The Garni Temple is often referred to as the crowning jewel of Hellenistic architecture in Armenia. This Greco-Roman colonnaded temple was built in the 1st century AD and is the best preserved pagan temple in Armenia. The structure intricately combines Armenian and Hellenistic architectural elements. The temple is perched atop a triangular cliff with panoramic views of the striking Azat River gorge. Visitors can admire the symmetrical design, ionic columns and carved basalt stone that went into constructing this ancient monument. The Garni Temple provides insight into pre-Christian architecture and history in Armenia.
Geghard Monastery
The magnificent Geghard Monastery is a medieval Armenian monastery partially carved out of the mountainside. Founded in the 4th century by Gregory the Illuminator, the monastery’s main chapel was built in 1215. The complex of churches and tombs incorporates stunning examples of Armenian medieval architecture carved from solid rock. Intricate khachkars (Armenian cross-stones) and religious reliefs adorn the chapels. Geghard also houses two important relics – the spear which wounded Christ on the Cross and a piece of the True Cross. With a scenic setting surrounded by cliffs and rocky canyons, Geghard Monastery is a must-see ancient site in Armenia.
Noravank Monastery
The 13th century Noravank monastery is nestled in a narrow gorge made of steep red cliffs near the town of Yeghegnadzor. The towering cliffs seem to protect this religious complex which includes the Church of Karapet, Church of Saint Astvatsatsin and the Church of Saint Grigor. The monastery’s unique architecture blends Armenian, Arabic and Georgian elements seen in its domed cupolas and intricate stone carvings. Noravank is also surrounded by important monuments like the cemetery of Orbelian princes and some ancient cave dwellings. This spectacular monastery is the perfect place to witness medieval Armenian architecture against a stunning natural backdrop.
Lake Sevan
Lake Sevan is one of the largest high-altitude freshwater lakes in the world located in central Armenia. Surrounded by the stunning Sevan mountain range, Lake Sevan’s blue waters and peaceful environment have drawn people for thousands of years. Ancient megaliths found along the lakeshore indicate Lake Sevan was a popular settlement area throughout history. During medieval times, numerous monasteries were established around the lake’s perimeter. Lake Sevan remains an important cultural hub today with its beaches, rocky cliffs and sailing activities drawing tourists from far and wide. A visit to Lake Sevan offers the chance to take in breathtaking highland scenery and dip into Armenia’s ancient past.
Tsaghkadzor
Located just north of Yerevan, Tsaghkadzor is a spa town that has formed a popular mountain retreat escape for centuries. Its first-rate ski resort as well as ancient monuments attract visitors during all seasons. Tsaghkadzor translates to “gorge of flowers” due to the vibrant blooms covering the valley after long winters. Tsaghkadzor is home to the complexes of the Makenyats Vank monastery and Lmbat Havuts Tar monastery which showcase medieval Armenian architecture with stone carvings and inscriptions. Visitors flock to Tsaghkadzor’s ski slopes in winter and take advantage of its fresh air and natural scenery throughout the warmer months.
Amberd Fortress
Perched high above the Byurakan Valley sits the impressive Amberd Fortress. Built in the 7th century, Amberd was constructed to withstand enemy attacks with its location on the slopes of Mount Aragats. The bathhouse and other structures were added to the fortress in the following centuries. Amberd’s high defensive walls and watchtowers allowed it control key routes to the Armenian Highland. Some Armenian princes used Amberd as their primary residence for a period. While mostly in ruins today, visitors can still admire the medieval architecture and craftsmanship of Amberd’s construction as well as its strategic hilltop setting.
Haghpat Monastery
One of the most celebrated historical and religious sites in Armenia is the 10th century Haghpat Monastery. This medieval complex was established by Queen Khosrovanuysh, wife of the Bagratid King Ashot III. The monastery grew to become an important intellectual center in medieval Armenia housing one of the largest scriptoriums. Haghpat contains some of Armenia’s finest constructions from the middle ages including the Church of Saint Nishan. The monastery’s location amidst verdant valleys and forested mountains adds to its serene atmosphere. Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Haghpat allows visitors to immerse themselves in medieval Armenian architecture and history.
Sanahin Monastery
A sister monastery to nearby Haghpat, Sanahin monastery was also founded by the royal Armenian Bagratid dynasty in the 10th century. Some scholars believe Armenian architects and masons perfected their style of construction in Sanahin before applying it to Haghpat and other religious complexes. Distinctive features include the use of tuff stone and uniquely designed bell-towers. The largest church, Saint Amenaprkich, contains exquisite stone carvings. Together with Haghpat, Sanahin was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1996. A trip to Sanahin transports visitors to a key center of the Armenian golden age.
Echmiadzin Cathedral
Considered Armenia’s “Vatican”, the Echmiadzin Cathedral dominates the skyline of the city of Vagharshapat. The cathedral’s origins stem from a 4th century vision where Christ struck the ground with a golden hammer. Built between 301-303 AD, Echmiadzin has remained the headquarters of the Armenian Apostolic Church for over 16 centuries. Although reconstructed multiple times, fragments of the original structure are still contained within. Echmiadzin is the oldest state-built church in the world and remains the spiritual heart of Armenia’s dominant faith. Visitors gain not only profound spiritual experiences but also a chance to reflect on 1700 years of history within Armenia.
Zvartnots Cathedral
Although now in ruins, the unique Zvartnots Cathedral provides insight into 7th century Armenian architecture. Built at the order of Catholicos Nerses III between 643-652 AD, Zvartnots was intended to be the main cathedral of Armenia. Its octagonal design joining to a central dome was an engineering marvel for its time. The cathedral’s location near Etchmiadzin and its ruins of ornate stonework offer a look into Armenia’s past glory days. UNESCO recognized Zvartnots as a World Heritage Site in 2000. Visitors can walk among Zvartnots’ archways and columns while visualizing its former grandeur.
Shrines of Ararat Province
Armenia’s Ararat province contains a wealth of early Christian shrines and sites. Khor Virap Monastery’s pit where Gregory the Illuminator was imprisoned helped spearhead Armenia’s conversion to Christianity. The shrine of Saint Hripsime in Vagharshapat commemorates the martyrdom of this nun who fled persecution. Mughni church honors the first Armenian woman saint Gayane who was martyred alongside Hripsime. The 4th century Cathedral of Saint Paul in the village of Garnahovit was likely the location King Trdat III was cured of illness by Gregory. Ararat province offers visitors the chance to step back in time and reflect on the critical early history of Christianity in Armenia.
Khndzoresk Village
The uniquely designed historic village of Khndzoresk contains dwellings and structures carved into a steep gorge. Located in southeast Armenia, Khndzoresk was first established in the 17th century when local inhabitants dug rooms, houses and tunnels into the gorge’s tuff cliffs for protection from foreign invaders. A hanging bridge built in the 18th century connects the two sides across the gorge. Visitors can marvel at Khndzoresk’s protective cliff dwellings and explore the old tunnels and rooms while imagining life centuries ago. This ancient village exemplifies historic Armenian vernacular architecture at its finest.
Dilijan National Park
With lush forests, mountain vistas and cultural sites all located within Sharvan National Park, Dilijan is one of Armenia’s natural gems. Sitting at an altitude of 1550 meters, the biodiversity found within Dilijan encompasses Armenian flora and fauna at their finest. Medieval Armenian monasteries like Haghartsin and Goshavank blend harmoniously with the natural setting. Hiking, biking and wildlife viewing allow visitors to soak up Dilijan’s landscapes and fresh air. Tranquil villages and charming resort towns provide comfort and amenities. As an area long utilized for its healing mineral waters and medicinal herbs, Dilijan remains a cherished retreat within Armenia’s ancient wilderness.
Conclusion
Armenia awaits exploration with a wealth of ancient sites showcasing its distinctive history and culture. Magnificent medieval Armenian architecture is harmoniously blended with breathtaking natural landscapes across the country. Visitors can immerse themselves within key religious centers of vibrant frescoes and intricately carved stonework. Armenia’s ancient fortresses, churches and monasteries stand as a testament to the creativity and vision of its people across the centuries. Beyond its historic structures, the natural beauty of Armenian’s blue lakes, soaring cliffs and verdant forests beckon to be discovered. By embarking on your own journey to uncover Armenia’s ancient wonders, you’ll surely gain a memorable experience as well as perspective on this dynamic country at the crossroads of Europe and Asia.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the oldest surviving church in Armenia?
The Etchmiadzin Cathedral, located in Vagharshapat, is considered the oldest state-built church in the world. Its original main church was built between 301-303 AD, though it has undergone reconstruction over the centuries.
What architectural style stands out in ancient Armenian monasteries?
Many Armenian monasteries showcase a unique style blending Byzantine, Georgian and Persian features seen in domed cruciform churches and intricate stone carving.
What role did Amberd Fortress play in Armenia’s past?
Built in the 7th century, Amberd Fortress was constructed to withstand enemy attacks with its hilltop location overlooking key routes to the Armenian Highland.
Why were sites like Haghpat Monastery and Sanahin Monastery designated UNESCO sites?
These 10th-13th century religious complexes showcase outstanding example of medieval Armenian architecture through their design, stone carving and setting.
What makes Lake Sevan such an iconic and popular spot in Armenia?
Lake Sevan is one of the largest high-altitude lakes in the world and has drawn people for settlement and recreation since ancient times due its natural beauty.