Table of Contents
Introduction
Nestled in the Horn of Africa along the Red Sea coast, Eritrea is a country with a rich history and vibrant culture just waiting to be explored. Once an Italian colony, Eritrea’s capital Asmara still boasts beautiful Italian art deco architecture. Beyond the cities, Eritrea’s landscape ranges from rugged mountains to coral islands, providing visitors with a variety of adventures. From diving the Red Sea to wandering through archaeological ruins, Eritrea has something for every type of traveler.
Major Cities and Attractions
Asmara
Asmara is Eritrea’s capital and largest city. As mentioned, Asmara still reflects its Italian colonial past through its architecture, cuisine, and cafes. Some top sites include the Futura District with its art deco buildings, the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara Cathedral, and the Asmara open-air market. Asmara is also known for its excellent cafe culture – be sure to stop for some bunna (coffee) and pastries.
Massawa
Located on the Red Sea, Massawa is Eritrea’s main port city. Two islands, Taulud and Massawa Island, are connected by causeways and also comprise part of the city. Massawa has an interesting mix of Ottoman, Egyptian, and Italian influences reflected in its architecture. Sites to see include the Old City with its Ottoman arches, the Imperial Palace of Massawa built by the Italians, and Sheikh Hanafi Mosque on Taulud Island. It’s also nice just to wander the streets and take in the cosmopolitan vibe.
Keren
Keren is the country’s second largest city located on the road between Asmara and Massawa. Here you’ll find a vibrant open-air market, the National Museum of Eritrea, and some Italian art deco buildings. Nearby is a waterfall called Tanqua Abergelle as well as some caves once used by the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front during the war for independence. The Cathedral of Keren is also worth a visit to see its mix of Italian and local architectural styles.
Decemhare
Decemhare is a small village but home to some amazing archaeological sites. Just outside the village lies an extensive complex of ruins from a civilization that existed around 400 BCE. Some of the tombs feature rock-cut chambers while Metera features remains of an ancient temple. Qohaito, another archaeological site near Decemhare, dates back to between the 4th and 6th centuries BCE when it was a mining town.
Archaeological sites
In addition to the sites near Decemhare, Eritrea has many more historical and archaeological sites to explore. Adulis was a port city dating back over 2,000 years. Excavated ruins reveal the city’s prominence as a trading center spanning Greek, Roman and pre-Aksumite times. Matara and Qohaito are two other ancient ruined cities, this time from the Aksumite Kingdom that dominated the Red Sea region around the 4th century CE.
Adventure Activities
Diving and Snorkeling
The Red Sea coast offers amazing diving and snorkeling opportunities. The Dahlak Archipelago islands feature diverse marine life includingsea turtles, reef sharks, sting rays, dolphins, and a wide array of fish and coral. Popular dive sites include Debre Damo with its underwater canyon and Drop Off hosting large pelagics like tuna and gray reef sharks. The waters around Massawa also make for excellent snorkeling.
Trekking
With its mountains, canyons and valleys, Eritrea is a great destination for trekkers. Some notable treks include climbing Mt. Emba Soira, Eritrea’s highest peak at over 3,000 meters. Trekking through GhindaE River canyon allows you to see wildlife like monkeys and over 200 bird species. The coast around Massawa features intertidal walks during low tide to explore the unique landscapes and ecology there.
Birdwatching
Birdwatchers flock to Eritrea for the over 560 species of birds found here. Some endemic species include the Eritrean warbler, white-breasted white-eye, and black-bellied sunbird. Prime birdwatching spots include the coastal wetlands around Massawa, the forests of Filfil Solomuna near Asmara, and Semenawi Bahri reserve on the Red Sea. October to February is migration season when hundreds of species pass through.
Culture and People
Languages
Eritrea has no official language but the main ones are Tigrinya, Arabic and English. Tigrinya is a Semitic language using Ge’ez script and is the most widely spoken local language. Due to Eritrea’s location on the Red Sea coast, Arabic has long been important for trade. English is used in schools and business. As a traveler, you can get by with English but learning a few Tigrinya or Arabic phrases is appreciated.
Religions
Freedom of religion is guaranteed in Eritrea. About half the population is Christian, mostly members of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Another half is Sunni Muslim. There are also small percentages of Catholics, Protestants and practitioners of indigenous faiths. Asmara and Keren have notable mosques and churches worth a visit to see the architectural styles.
Food
Local Eritrean cuisine reflects the country’s diversity of cultures. A staple dish is injera, a spongy flatbread made from a grain called teff. Injera is served alongside stews called tsebhi or wats, made with vegetables, lentils or sometimes meat. Berbere spice mix gives many dishes a unique kick. Italian flavors also influence food in cities like Asmara where pizza and pasta can be found.
Music and Dance
Music and dance are integral parts of Eritrean culture. Zena is a distinctive form of music played on traditional instruments like the krar (five-stringed lyre). You may be lucky enough to see zena performed during your visit. The danced accompaniment includes skilled shoulder and neck movements. Kuda is another popular traditional dance involving shuffling rhythmic foot movements.
Travel Tips
Best Time to Visit
The climate is generally hot year-round along the coast and lowlands, with cooler temperatures in the highlands. The most comfortable weather lasts from October to January. April and May can be very hot. June to September brings occasional heavy rains.
Getting Around
Asmara has public buses while taxis are common in other cities. Intercity buses connect major towns several times per week. Taxis can be hired for intercity journeys. Bring plenty of time for long drives as roads are rough in places. In Massawa, boat taxis provide transportation between islands.
Where to Stay
Asmara, Massawa and Keren offer a range of hotels from budget to upscale. There are also some nice resorts along the Red Sea coast. While options are modern in the cities, accommodations may be more basic in rural areas. Book ahead when possible. Renting an apartment through Airbnb is another lodging option.
Health and Safety
No vaccinations are required except for yellow fever if coming from an infected area. Malaria is a risk in low-lying areas so take preventative medication. Only drink bottled water and avoid raw fruits/vegetables outside main cities. Check travel advisories for current security information before booking your trip.
Conclusion
From sun-drenched beaches to lofty mountains, Eritrea provides a landscape of contrasts. The country’s long history can be explored through archeological treasures while vibrant cultures and hospitable people populate the towns. Although an under-the-radar destination, Eritrea offers intrepid travelers compelling opportunities for adventure, discovery and immersion in a truly unique corner of the world. Safina! (Enjoy!)
FAQs
What is the best way to get around Eritrea?
Buses, taxis and rented cars allow you to get around Eritrea’s cities and between them. Be prepared for some bumpy roads in rural areas. Travel times can be long due to the terrain.
Do I need a visa to visit Eritrea?
Yes, visas are required for tourists and can be obtained from Eritrean embassies or on arrival at Asmara airport. Your hotel may also help arrange one. Allow plenty of processing time when applying in advance.
What vaccinations are recommended for Eritrea?
Hepatitis A and typhoid immunizations are recommended when visiting Eritrea. Malaria prevention medication is also wise if going to lowland areas.
What is the currency used in Eritrea?
Eritrea’s currency is the nakfa, which is divided into 100 cents. US dollars are also widely accepted. ATMs are limited, so bring sufficient cash.
How should I dress when visiting mosques or churches in Eritrea?
Conservative dress covering knees and shoulders is required. Women should bring scarves to cover their hair at religious sites. Be respectful of local dress codes.